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Symptoms of Toxic Substances

 

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Arsenic

Observable symptoms of arsenic poisoning are: thickening and discoloration of the skin, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness in hands and feet, partial paralysis, and blindness.

Chlorine

It is a choking agent that irritates the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Symptoms of chlorine poisoning appear as runny nose, coughing, choking, and chest pain. Fluid buildup in the lungs occurs several hours after exposure. Pneumonia can follow.

Cyanide

They are blood agents that interfere with the use of oxygen in the body. But cyanogen chloride has strong irritating and choking effects on the eyes and respiratory tract, unlike hyrdogen cyanide. Liquid forms of cyanide will burn skin and eyes. Cyanide acts quickly, but only large amounts are deadly. Cyanide poisoning can be treated with inhaled amyl nitrate, or intravenous sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate.

Nerve Agents

When an individual is exposed to low amounts of a nerve agent (as a gas or aerosol) the initial symptoms are a running nose, contraction of the pupils, visual accommodation deteriorates, headache, slurred speech, nausea, hallucinations, pronounced chest pains, and an increase in the production of saliva. At higher doses of a nerve agent the afore mentioned symptoms are more pronounced. Coughing and breathing problems also begin to occur. The individual then may begin to go into convulsions and a subsequent comatose and death. At doses even higher an exposed individual would almost immediately go into convulsions and die from suffocation because of the simultaneous shut-down of the nervous and respiratory systems. The initial stages of symptoms of an individual exposed to a nerve agent may vary depending on the particular agent and amount of the agent the person was exposed to.

Vapor Exposure Liquid on the Skin

MILD/MODERATE

  • Eyes: Miosis, Dim vision, Headache
  • Nose: Rhinorrhea
  • Mouth: Salivation
  • Lungs: Dyspnea ("tightness in the chest")
  • Time of onset: Seconds to minutes after exposure
  • Self-aid: 1 MARK I
  • Buddy-aid: Stand by
  • Muscle twitching at site of exposure
  • Sweating at site of exposure
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Feeling of weakness
  • Time of onset: 10 minutes to 18 hours after exposure
  • Self-aid: 1-2 MARK I's, depending on severity of symptoms
  • Buddy-aid: Stand by

SEVERE

  • All the above, plus
  • Severe breathing difficulty or cessation of respiration
  • Generalized muscular twitching, weakness or paralysis
  • Convulsions
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Loss of bladder, bowel control
  • Time of onset: Seconds to minutes after exposure
  • Self-aid: None. Soldier will be unable to help self.
  • Buddy-aid: 3 MARK I's and diazepam immediately
  • All the above, plus
  • Severe breathing difficulty or cessation of breathing
  • Generalized muscular twitching, weakness, or paralysis
  • Convulsions
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Loss of bladder and bowel control
  • Time of onset: Minutes to an hour after exposure
  • Self-aid: None. Soldier will be unable to help himself
  • Buddy-aid: 3 MARK I's and diazepam immediately

Sulfide

Physiological Responses to Acute Exposures: Physiological responses to acute exposure to hydrogen sulfide have been reported as follows:

10 ppm

Beginning of Eye Irritation

50-100 ppm Slight conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation after one hour
100 ppm Coughing, eye irritation, loss of sense of smell after 2-15 minutes. Altered respiration, pain the eyes, and drowsiness after 15-30 minutes followed by throat irritation after one hour. Several hours exposure results in gradual increase in severity of symptoms and death may occur within the next 48 hours.
200-300 ppm Marked conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation after one hour exposure.
500-700 ppm Loss of consciousness and possibly death in 30 minutes to one hour of exposure.
700-1000 ppm Rapid unconsciousness, cessation of respiration, and death
1000-2000 ppm Unconsciousness at once, with early cessation of respiration and death in a few minutes. Death may occur if individual is removed to fresh air at once.

Fluoride

Symptoms of fluoride toxicity may include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, increased salivation, or increased thirst. Symptoms begin 30 minutes after ingestion and can last up to 24 hours.

 

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