Symptoms of Toxic Substances
Arsenic
Observable symptoms of arsenic poisoning are: thickening and discoloration of the skin, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness in hands and feet, partial paralysis, and blindness.
Chlorine
It is a choking agent that irritates the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Symptoms of chlorine poisoning appear as runny nose, coughing, choking, and chest pain. Fluid buildup in the lungs occurs several hours after exposure. Pneumonia can follow.
Cyanide
They are blood agents that interfere with the use of oxygen in the body. But cyanogen chloride has strong irritating and choking effects on the eyes and respiratory tract, unlike hyrdogen cyanide. Liquid forms of cyanide will burn skin and eyes. Cyanide acts quickly, but only large amounts are deadly. Cyanide poisoning can be treated with inhaled amyl nitrate, or intravenous sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate.
Nerve Agents
When an individual is exposed to low amounts of a nerve agent (as a gas or aerosol) the initial symptoms are a running nose, contraction of the pupils, visual accommodation deteriorates, headache, slurred speech, nausea, hallucinations, pronounced chest pains, and an increase in the production of saliva. At higher doses of a nerve agent the afore mentioned symptoms are more pronounced. Coughing and breathing problems also begin to occur. The individual then may begin to go into convulsions and a subsequent comatose and death. At doses even higher an exposed individual would almost immediately go into convulsions and die from suffocation because of the simultaneous shut-down of the nervous and respiratory systems. The initial stages of symptoms of an individual exposed to a nerve agent may vary depending on the particular agent and amount of the agent the person was exposed to.
| Vapor Exposure | Liquid on the Skin |
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MILD/MODERATE |
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SEVERE |
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Sulfide
Physiological Responses to Acute Exposures: Physiological responses to acute exposure to hydrogen sulfide have been reported as follows:
| 10 ppm |
Beginning of Eye Irritation |
| 50-100 ppm | Slight conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation after one hour |
| 100 ppm | Coughing, eye irritation, loss of sense of smell after 2-15 minutes. Altered respiration, pain the eyes, and drowsiness after 15-30 minutes followed by throat irritation after one hour. Several hours exposure results in gradual increase in severity of symptoms and death may occur within the next 48 hours. |
| 200-300 ppm | Marked conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation after one hour exposure. |
| 500-700 ppm | Loss of consciousness and possibly death in 30 minutes to one hour of exposure. |
| 700-1000 ppm | Rapid unconsciousness, cessation of respiration, and death |
| 1000-2000 ppm | Unconsciousness at once, with early cessation of respiration and death in a few minutes. Death may occur if individual is removed to fresh air at once. |
Fluoride
Symptoms of fluoride toxicity may include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, increased salivation, or increased thirst. Symptoms begin 30 minutes after ingestion and can last up to 24 hours.

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